Running in productionLittle’s Law
Recommendations slows to 2 seconds. How fast do 200 shared threads run out?
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More questions.
Why is it slow? Performance anti-patternsWhen it’s fine
Should your app sum a million payments, or should the database?
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Architecture stylesAggregates
Placing an order creates a kitchen ticket. Why not in one transaction?
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Key technologiesSizing
50,000 order events a second. Why 100 partitions when 5 carry the bytes?
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Common patternsQuarantine
It’s named lesson.mp4. Why don’t you serve it yet?
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InfrastructureDevice tokens
Someone else logs in on your old phone. Whose OTPs does it get?
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Social & feedsScale
Your 250 friends have 250 each. Why not compute that on page load?
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Core conceptsOverload
Past capacity, why does more traffic mean fewer useful answers?
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Networking and APIsSignatures
Anyone can POST “payment succeeded” to your URL. Why isn’t that a free order?
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Data and storageSharding comes last
How does ChatGPT serve 800 million users from one PostgreSQL primary?
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Messaging and streamsAdaptive LIFO
Why should an overloaded queue serve the newest request first?
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Running in productionRTO
The replica promotes in 2 minutes. Why is the outage still 44 minutes?
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Why is it slow? Performance anti-patternsBatch endpoints
Why can 96 calls per page shrink to 4 without dropping a single tile?
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Architecture stylesAmbient mode
Why is Istio pulling the proxy back out of your pods?
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Key technologiesFencing
Your leader froze for 40 seconds and woke up still leading. Now what?
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Common patternsChoreography
Should every order step be a service reacting to events?
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InfrastructureTokens
A lock is taken 1,000 times a second. When does its counter overflow?
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Social & feedsResume
Your phone hops from Wi-Fi to 4G mid-match. Why no repeated comments?
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Core conceptsVirtual nodes
A server dies. Why shouldn’t its neighbour inherit all its keys?
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Networking and APIsSilent skips
A post was deleted while you scrolled. Why did a different one vanish?
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Data and storageScale
A billion usernames, checked from 1.2 GB of RAM. What’s the catch?
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Messaging and streamsRetention
Why must a dedupe table remember two weeks of messages?
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Running in productionConflicts
Milk from Mumbai, bread from Singapore, one family cart. Why did milk vanish?
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Why is it slow? Performance anti-patternsDetect it
Your API says 245 ms. Why do users wait 2.3 seconds?
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Key technologiesExactly-once
Exactly-once is on. Why does each result reach readers seconds late?
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Core conceptsPACELC
Nothing is broken. So why is the consistent write still slower?
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